Portret van Jean-François Xhoffer before 1881

This is the cover of the book Jean-François Xhoffer de Verviers, sa vie et ses travaux, published in 1881. The book promises to tell the story of the life and work of Jean-François Xhoffer, and features a portrait of him. But who was he, and why was his biography written? The book itself becomes a cultural artifact, speaking to the values and the social structures of its time. Consider, for instance, the context of 19th-century Europe; this was a period marked by industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of the middle class. Books like this one often celebrated individual achievement, reinforcing the era's emphasis on progress and individual merit. And, although the artist is anonymous, we can still ask ourselves how the image of Xhoffer was designed to shape public perception? What did it mean to memorialize a life in this way, and what unspoken social norms were at play in creating and consuming this biography?