Agnes Miller, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 1) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes 1885 - 1891

This is a trade card of Agnes Miller, from the Actors and Actresses series, created by Allen & Ginter. Notice how the sepia tone flattens the figure, drawing our attention to the stark lines of her outfit. The vertical stripes of the skirt contrast with the sharp horizontal line created by what appears to be a bow. The shape is echoed by the placement of the text, which reinforces the grid-like structure of the overall composition. Considering the context of its creation, this card is not merely a portrait, but functions as a sign. The formal composition of the image becomes a coded system, reflecting the values and desires of the culture industry at the time. Miller, the actress, is thus flattened, abstracted, and resignified as a tool for marketing.