Emperor Joseph II of Austria 

Joseph Kreutzinger painted this portrait of Emperor Joseph II of Austria, who lived from 1741 to 1790. Joseph II, a central figure of the Enlightenment, sought to implement a series of reforms which would have transformed society as he knew it. Consider the weight of such reforms in relation to the setting of this painting. Kreutzinger's attention to detail creates an image of opulence and power. Yet this is counterbalanced by the way that Joseph's gaze avoids direct contact with the viewer. Is this meant to convey his isolation as a leader? Does it hint at the challenges he faced in enacting his reforms? Ultimately, many of Joseph II's reforms were met with resistance. He was forced to retract many of them before his death, leaving a legacy of unfulfilled potential. As you consider the painting, reflect on how the trappings of power intersect with the personal vulnerabilities and struggles of those who hold it.