Portret van makelaar J. N. van Houten Jr before 1870

This is a photographic portrait of J. N. van Houten Jr, made by A. Böeseken in Rotterdam. The process involves capturing an image using a camera, and then developing it onto a light-sensitive material, which is then fixed to create a lasting image. The resulting sepia tones give a softness to the image, emphasizing the texture of van Houten's substantial beard. The oval format and the card mount are characteristic of photographic portraiture from this period. Photography in the 19th century involved a complex interplay of chemistry, optics, and manual skill. The photographer had to be knowledgeable about the properties of different chemicals and materials, as well as being skilled in the use of the camera and developing equipment. The production of photographs was tied to wider social issues, and consumption, and was therefore a labour intensive process. Understanding the materials, making, and context is vital to grasping the complete meaning of an artwork, challenging conventional distinctions between fine art and craft.