John Russell 1780

This portrait was made by John Russell, who lived from 1745 to 1806. Russell was a master of pastel, a medium composed of pure pigment ground into a chalk-like stick. Look closely, and you'll notice that the image is made up of countless tiny strokes, blended to create a soft, luminous effect. Pastel was favored for portraiture in the 18th century, due to its speed and relative affordability compared to oil paint. This made it ideal for capturing the likenesses of a rising middle class, eager to participate in the culture of display previously reserved for the aristocracy. The technique required careful layering and a delicate touch, reflecting a shift in artistic values towards refined skill and technical mastery. The powdery, matte surface of pastel lends itself to subtle gradations of tone and texture, perfectly suited to capturing the fashionable fabrics and powdered wigs of the era. Russell's skill in this medium speaks to a broader democratization of art, connecting the traditions of fine art with the emerging market for luxury goods and services.