The Emperor Hadrian c. 1550

The Emperor Hadrian was made in the mid-16th century by the Italian sculptor Ludovico Lombardo, using bronze. Bronze casting is an indirect process. First, a model is made, often in wax. This is then invested in a ceramic shell, which is fired to harden it and melt out the wax. Molten bronze is poured into the resulting void – a dramatic, dangerous process. Once cooled, the ceramic is broken away to reveal the casting. This is then chased and finished to a high standard. Consider the qualities of the material itself. The cool, dark luster of the bronze, its substantial weight, and the incredible detail achieved, all speak to the patron's wealth and power. Bronze was the ideal material to capture the status and prestige of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Ultimately, by considering the labor-intensive processes and inherent qualities of bronze, we gain a deeper appreciation for the social and cultural significance of this sculpture, which transcends traditional boundaries between art and craft.