H. Theresia van Ávila c. 1586 - 1633

Cornelis Galle I made this engraving of H. Theresia van Ávila, and it's a superb example of the printmaking tradition. Engravings like this one begin with a metal plate, typically copper. The artist uses a tool called a burin to carve lines directly into the surface. This is a skilled, labor-intensive process – one slip of the hand, and the plate could be ruined. The depth and thickness of the lines determine how much ink they hold, and therefore the tonal range of the final print. The fine lines create a sense of volume in Teresa's face and dress. Notice how the light seems to emanate from above, achieved purely through the density of etched lines. Prints like this were a key technology for disseminating images widely. While only one plate was made, it was used to make hundreds, or even thousands of prints. These were sold at a relatively low cost, opening up the art market to a broader public. So, while engravings involved highly skilled work, they were also a way to democratize art, making it accessible beyond elite circles.