"Abu'l Mihjan and Sa`d ibn Abi Wakkas Before a Ruler", Folio from a Khavarannama (The Book of the East) of ibn Husam al-Din 1451 - 1511

This is a folio from a Khavarannama, or "Book of the East", of ibn Husam al-Din, made around 1470. This epic poem retells the early battles of Islam. Here, Maulana Muhammad depicts Abu’l Mihjan and Sa`d ibn Abi Wakkas before a ruler. The image creates meaning through visual codes of power and status. Note the hierarchical arrangement of figures, with the ruler enthroned above the others. Think about the cultural references embedded here. The refined details and vibrant colors reflect the rich artistic traditions of the Timurid dynasty in Persia, now modern-day Iran and Central Asia. The emphasis on courtly life and military prowess speaks to the social values of the time. As historians, we can delve deeper by exploring illuminated manuscripts and Timurid social and political history. This reveals the complex relationship between art, patronage, and the construction of power in this period.