The Illuminated Border of Animals, double page from a copy of the Gulistan of Sa'di Safavid dynasty (1501–1722), 16th century

This double page spread from a 16th-century copy of the *Gulistan* of Sa'di, an influential Persian poet, exemplifies the Safavid dynasty's artistic achievements in manuscript illumination. It features a dense and intricate border filled with animals and plants rendered in gold on a turquoise ground, framing the central text panel. The use of gold and intricate patterns reflects the Safavid period's fascination with luxurious materials and craftsmanship, making this page a vibrant example of Islamic manuscript illumination.