Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist 1525

Defendente Ferrari made this painting of the Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist in the early 16th century, likely using tempera on wood. The smooth, almost porcelain-like finish on the figures suggests the meticulous application of many thin layers of paint. Notice how the gold leaf accents the throne and the frame, adding a sense of divine luxury. This wasn't just about aesthetics; gold was among the most expensive materials available, and its use spoke volumes about the patron's wealth and status. Ferrari would have employed assistants to prepare the panels, grind pigments, and apply the gilding. The division of labor reflects the economic realities of artistic production at the time. This painting serves as a potent reminder that even seemingly ethereal artworks are rooted in material processes, labor, and economics. By considering these factors, we gain a richer understanding of the artwork and its place in history.