John L. Sullivan, Pugilist, from World's Champions, Series 1 (N28) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes 1887

This lithograph of John L. Sullivan, the bare-knuckle boxing champion, was made by Allen & Ginter Cigarettes as part of a series of collectible cards. These cards, popular in the late 19th century, speak to the burgeoning celebrity culture and the rise of mass media in the United States. Note Sullivan's muscular physique and confident pose. The image creates meaning through the cultural references of athleticism, masculinity, and commercialism. The late 1800s was a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization. As such the image of a strong, virile champion resonated with the anxieties and aspirations of the American public. This was further fueled by sensationalist journalism and advertising. Understanding this image requires us to look beyond its surface aesthetics. Research into the history of sports, advertising, and celebrity culture of the time would provide valuable insights into its meaning. Art history helps us to understand the ways in which art reflects and shapes society.