Portret van Filips II, koning van Spanje 1773

Jacob Houbraken produced this engraving of Philip II, King of Spain in 1779. Produced in the Netherlands, this print engages with the history of the Eighty Years' War. This conflict saw the Dutch Republic fight for independence from Spain, ruled by Philip II. As such, the image is loaded with cultural and political significance. Visually, the portrait presents Philip as a stern and powerful ruler. The rigid pose, the luxurious clothing, and the regal bearing all contribute to an image of authority. Prints like this circulated widely and influenced public opinion. It reflects the Dutch Republic's complex relationship with its former ruler. To truly understand the image, one has to look to sources from the period. These include political pamphlets, historical accounts, and even popular songs. It's only then that we can fully appreciate the power of this image and its role in shaping Dutch national identity.