Cenotaph for Sebastian I, King of Portugal, Basilica Farnesina, Rome, December 3, 1578 1578

Mario Cartaro made this print of a cenotaph in 1578. It commemorates the Portuguese King Sebastian I in the Basilica Farnesina in Rome. A towering structure, it combines classical architectural elements with elaborate displays of royal power and Christian symbolism. The image creates meaning by associating the Portuguese monarchy with the grandeur of ancient Rome, and it was commissioned by the Society of Jesus. Portugal in the 16th century was a major player in global trade and exploration. King Sebastian's death in battle against the Moors in Morocco created a succession crisis and led to Portugal's union with Spain. This print could be viewed as an attempt to bolster Portuguese national identity at a time of political uncertainty. It also reflects the powerful role of the Catholic Church in shaping political events. By examining such historical prints and their institutional contexts, we can gain a deeper understanding of the social and political functions of art in early modern Europe.