De heilige Philippus toont zijn vaardigheden in gesprek met twee dominicanen 1591

This print by Antonio Tempesta depicts Saint Philip engaging in discourse with two Dominicans. Note the saint’s halo, a visual marker that signals his divine status, an attribute with ancient roots in sun worship and the pagan apotheosis of emperors. Observe how Philip raises his hand in a gesture of persuasive oration. This motif echoes classical rhetoric, reappearing throughout the ages, from Roman orators to Renaissance philosophers. It symbolizes the power of reasoned argument and the transmission of knowledge. Yet, the very same gesture can also transform. Think of John the Baptist, his hand raised not in debate but in prophetic declaration, or even darker, as a symbol of authoritarian command. This image and its symbolic language reveal how cultural memory is a fluid, ever-shifting current. A single gesture contains a multitude of meanings, constantly evolving.