Panorama of the Orange River at the so-called “Oranjepoort” Possibly 1777

Robert Jacob Gordon made this panoramic view of the Orange River using pen, ink, and watercolor. The long, narrow format mimics how one’s eyes move across a wide landscape. Gordon carefully rendered the textures of the land, from the sandy banks of the river to the distant mountains. The colors are muted, reflecting the natural tones of the South African terrain. Consider the labor involved in producing such a detailed image. Gordon would have needed to carry his materials into the landscape, carefully observing and recording what he saw. This process of documentation was essential to European exploration and colonization. Watercolors were often used by explorers to capture and convey information about newly “discovered” lands back to Europe. These images played a role in shaping European perceptions and asserting control over these territories. So, when you look at this seemingly simple watercolor, remember it’s not just a picture, but a product of exploration, labor, and colonial ambition. By understanding the material and the making, we gain a fuller appreciation of its historical significance.