Black Eye, Blackfeet Sioux, from the American Indian Chiefs series (N2) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes Brands 1888

This small chromolithograph of Black Eye, a Blackfeet Sioux chief, was created by Allen & Ginter, an American cigarette company, as part of a series of collectible cards. It was a way to promote its brands, but it also tells us a great deal about the social attitudes of the time. The cards were produced in the late 19th century, a period of intense conflict between the US government and Native American tribes. Note how Black Eye is presented: in traditional dress, with a stern expression, and a medal around his neck likely given to him during treaty negotiations. The image participates in a complex cultural narrative. On the one hand, it exoticizes and romanticizes Native American culture, turning it into a commodity for consumption. On the other, it acknowledges the existence and importance of Native American leaders, even as their power was being systematically undermined. Understanding this image means looking at the history of American advertising, the representation of Native Americans in popular culture, and the political context of the Indian Wars.