Lame Beggar on a Handcart 

Hakuin Ekaku made this drawing, "Lame Beggar on a Handcart," using ink on paper in the 18th century. Hakuin's work is deeply rooted in Zen Buddhism, using art as a tool for teaching and spiritual awakening. This image presents a stark view of social reality in Edo-period Japan, showing the plight of marginalized people. The figure's skeletal frame and the rudimentary handcart underscore the harsh conditions faced by the poor and disabled. As a Zen master, Hakuin often used unconventional methods to challenge social norms and provoke introspection, questioning the viewers' compassion and understanding. It could also be seen as a satire of the established social order or a commentary on the impermanence of life. Further understanding of Hakuin's work requires an examination of the religious, economic, and social context of Edo-period Japan, found in temple records, historical documents, and collections of Zen teachings. Through these resources, we can better appreciate how art can act as a mirror to society, reflecting its realities while also questioning its values.