The Crucifixion, with the lowering of the cross at center, soldiers throughout, and a thief on a cross at left 1762

Giovanni Battista Cipriani made this print of the Crucifixion around 1766 using etching and engraving. These are both processes of incising lines into a metal plate, which is then inked and printed. The image shows the labor of lowering Christ’s body, along with the bodies of the two thieves, each secured to rough-hewn crosses. Note the contrast between the smooth, idealized bodies and the roughly rendered wood – and also the many other bodies populating the scene. They are shown straining to release the figures from their torture. Look closely, and you can see how Cipriani carefully modulated the etched lines to create a full tonal range, from bright highlights to deep shadows. This was skilled, time-consuming work. The print medium allowed for the widespread distribution of religious imagery like this, influencing popular piety. Consider too the division of labor: Cipriani’s expertise, the artisan who prepared the metal plate, and the individuals who would have sold and distributed the final image. All this helps us understand the complex social context surrounding the print.