Libische Sibille 1575

Philips Galle created this engraving of the Libyan Sibyl sometime before his death in Antwerp in 1612. Galle was one of many printmakers in 16th century Europe who disseminated images that brought classical and biblical figures into early modern life. This Sibyl, one of many prophetic women in classical antiquity, is depicted as a contemporary European woman. We can tell this from her dress, her pose, and even her soft features. While Galle likely never saw the continent of Africa, which is associated with the Libyan Sibyl, he would have known of her from descriptions in classical literature. The open book connects the Sibyl to a longer history of knowledge and learning, while the landscape creates a contemplative mood. Art historians consult a range of sources to understand the meaning of prints like this, from emblem books to literature to the artist's biography and the history of his workshop. The image reminds us that the meaning of art is never fixed, but is instead dependent on social and institutional contexts.