Kaarten van de Spaanse Armada (21 en 22 juli 1588) Possibly 1739

This print, Kaarten van de Spaanse Armada, was made by John Pine in the mid-18th century, using engraving. Engraving is an intaglio process, meaning that the image is incised into a metal plate, in this case probably copper. The artist uses a tool called a burin to create clean, precise lines. Ink is then forced into these lines, and the surface of the plate is wiped clean. The print is made by pressing paper against the plate, transferring the ink. The precision of the engraving allows for an incredible level of detail. Look closely, and you'll see how Pine uses a variety of line weights and densities to create shading and texture. The final result is a testament to Pine’s skill, not only as a draughtsman, but as a technician, mastering the intricacies of the engraving process. Consider the labor involved in creating such a work - the careful planning, the steady hand, and the sheer amount of time required to cut each line into the plate. All this effort speaks to the value placed on craftsmanship and the importance of visual communication in the 18th century.