Madame Valmont c. 1841

Jean-François Millet painted this oil on canvas portrait of Madame Valmont sometime in the mid-19th century. This was a period of significant social upheaval in France, marked by the rise of industrialization and shifting class structures. Portraits like this reflect the values and aspirations of the bourgeoisie, a rising social class that sought to establish its status through displays of wealth and refinement. Madame Valmont’s elegant dress, delicate lace collar, and jewelry all speak to her social standing. Yet, the somber color palette and Madame Valmont's reserved expression may hint at the social constraints and expectations placed on women of her class. In studying this painting, we might consider the role of art institutions like the French Academy in shaping artistic conventions and dictating taste. Millet himself would later reject the Academy’s rigid standards. Social historians might consult fashion magazines, personal letters, and other period documents to better understand the social context in which this portrait was created and viewed.