H. Felicula 1565 - 1630

This engraving by Antonio Tempesta depicts the martyrdom of Saint Felicula. Note the presence of fire on the lower left, a tool of torture wielded by the executioner, and Felicula tied to a pillar. The act of torturing with fire has ancient roots, appearing in various forms across cultures. Consider its prominence in the stories of Prometheus, punished by Zeus, or the trials by fire of the Middle Ages. Fire is a powerful symbol, isn't it? It represents not only destruction and pain but also purification and transformation. The psychological impact of witnessing such cruelty is profound. The intentional infliction of pain taps into primal fears and societal taboos, engaging viewers on a deeply disturbing, subconscious level. Observe how this symbol of fire and torture has resurfaced, evolved, and taken on new meanings in different historical contexts. It reflects our perennial fascination with the darker aspects of human nature and our struggle to understand them.