General Jose de Palafox 1814

General Jose de Palafox, painted by Francisco de Goya, captures its subject with oil on canvas. Here, the materials influence the appearance, with loose brushstrokes, a hallmark of Goya's late style, that build up texture, weight, and form. Goya likely began with thin washes to establish the composition, then layered thicker paint for highlights and details, using brushes, palette knives, and rags to manipulate the oil. The social significance lies in the portrayal of heroism. Instead of a smooth, idealized surface, Goya emphasizes Palafox's humanity, even as he elevates him on horseback. The skilled tradition of portraiture is subverted, hinting at wider social issues of labor and war. Notice the immense amount of work involved in producing an artwork of this scale, capturing a moment in time with such intensity and emotion. Understanding the materials, making, and context is key to understanding the artwork, which challenges traditional distinctions between fine art and craft.