Martyrdom of St Peter after 1435

Stefan Lochner painted this panel depicting the Martyrdom of St Peter in the 1430s or 40s, likely in Cologne, using oil on wood. The painting visualizes a key moment in the history of the early church, yet it also reflects the social hierarchies of its own time. Look at how the executioners are dressed in elaborate, fashionable clothing. They resemble courtly figures, which would have resonated with the wealthy, urban audience that Lochner served. Consider also the gold background and the idealized depiction of St. Peter. These elements elevate the scene, aligning it with the religious and artistic values of the period. The inclusion of angels suggests a divine presence, reinforcing the idea of martyrdom as a sacred act. By examining civic records, guild regulations, and religious texts, we can better understand the conditions under which Lochner produced this work, as well as the cultural assumptions that shaped its meaning. This panel is more than just a religious image; it is a window into the complex interplay of faith, power, and artistic practice in 15th-century Germany.