Philip Iv of Spain 

This is Peter Paul Rubens's portrait of Philip IV of Spain. The formal structure presents a somber figure, with a dominant dark palette contrasted by the pale skin of the subject and the red background. Rubens employs chiaroscuro, using light and shadow to sculpt Philip's face, creating a sense of depth and realism. His attire, rendered in meticulous detail, underscores his status through the ornate chain and the subtle gleam of the gold hilt. The texture of the fabric and the metalwork are conveyed through varied brushstrokes, which articulate both the material richness and the weight of royal vestments. The composition reinforces the sitter's authority, yet there's an underlying sense of formality. As such, the portrait transcends mere representation, becoming a study in power and restraint, mirroring the complexities of the subject's reign.