Cadmus, Guided by Minerva, Observes the Spartoi Fighting before 1747

This oil sketch by Peter Paul Rubens, depicting Cadmus observing the Spartoi fighting, is a prime example of the artist's dynamic and emotive style. The scene is filled with swirling movement, with the Spartoi engaged in a fierce battle, their bodies contorted in struggle. Cadmus, standing in the foreground, is guided by the goddess Minerva, who appears in the sky, her outstretched hand suggesting her direction. This sketch, likely made as a preparatory study for a larger work, captures the energy and drama of Rubens's mature style.