Portret van Alexander III van Rusland before 1891

This is Nadar’s portrait of Alexander the Third of Russia, printed in a book using photomechanical processes. Unlike a unique photograph, this image exists in many identical copies. The material is simply ink on paper, yet this belies the complex industrial process required to produce it. Nadar was a pioneer in photography, but this particular image reflects the shift toward mass production. Look closely and you'll see a fine grid of dots, evidence of the halftone printing process. This technique allowed photographs to be reproduced alongside text in books and newspapers, democratizing images and bringing them to a wider audience. The portrait's somber formality reinforces the Tsar's authority, but the means of its production speaks to a different kind of power: the power of industrialization and the rise of a mass media. Understanding this print means considering not just the image itself, but the complex social and economic forces that made it possible.