Four Gentlemen c. mid 19th century

Nakabayashi Chikutō painted these ink landscapes of plum, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum on paper during the late Edo period. This was a time of cultural flourishing but also increasing social stratification and economic challenges in Japan. The 'Four Gentlemen' embodies a deeply gendered representation of moral and intellectual ideals. Each plant symbolizes virtues traditionally associated with men in Confucian societies. The plum represents resilience, the orchid purity, bamboo uprightness, and the chrysanthemum symbolizes productivity. These symbols reflect the expectations placed on men of the literati class. Chikutō, himself a member of this elite group, uses delicate brushwork to evoke an emotional response to nature. The monochrome palette emphasizes the simplicity and refinement valued in traditional art forms. Yet, by embracing these established symbols, Chikutō reinforces the patriarchal structures of his time. Through these elegant forms we can reflect on the traditional narratives that shape societal expectations, while also contemplating our own personal connection to nature and its symbolic meanings.