Monkey Trainer c. late 19th century

This small ivory sculpture, by Josō, captures a monkey trainer with his companion. The pairing of humans and monkeys in Japanese art is rich with symbolism. Monkeys, often seen as mischievous, also carry associations with protection, particularly for horses and, by extension, stables. Notice how the monkey perches playfully on the trainer's shoulder, a scene reminiscent of ancient depictions of gods with their animal familiars, a visual language connecting the mundane with the divine. Consider, for example, the recurring motif of the "Wild Man" or "Woodwose" in medieval European art, often depicted hairy and untamed, yet symbolizing humanity's primal connection to nature. Here, the monkey almost mocks the man, picking into his ear. It is a reminder that the lines of the human and animal are more blurred than we would like to believe. It's the eternal return of nature's influence, reappearing and evolving.