Judith with the Head of Holofernes c. 1650s

David Teniers the Younger painted this “Judith with the Head of Holofernes” using oil paints, a material that allowed him to achieve a high level of detail and realism. Oil paint is made by grinding pigments into linseed oil. The consistency of the paint can be controlled by adding solvents and the surfaces are usually prepared with gesso. Here, Teniers has used the material to create a smooth surface and a sense of depth, which helps to draw the viewer into the scene. Look closely, and you can see the artist’s technique in the details. The way the light catches the metal of the sword, the fabrics of Judith’s dress and the contrast with the dark background and the city at the back. The choice of oil paint was not accidental; it reflected the cultural values of the time. By using this expensive material, Teniers was signaling his status as a skilled artist working for a wealthy clientele. In his hands, the fine traditions of oil painting serve to depict a gruesome scene of violent retribution.